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Perhaps as remarkable as these Irish phenomena are the consonantal interchanges of Ful, an African language of the Soudan. Here we find that all nouns belonging to the personal class form the plural by changing their initial g, j, d, b, k, ch, and p to y (or w), y, r, w, h, s and f respectively; e.g., jim-o“companion,” yim-’be “companions”; pio-o “beater,” fio-’be “beaters.” Curiously enough, nouns that belong to the class of things form their singular and plural in exactly reverse fashion, e.g., yola-re “grass-grown place,” jola-je “grass-grown places”; fitan-du “soul,” pital-i “souls.” In Nootka, to refer to but one other language in which the process is found, the t or tl *  of many verbal suffixes becomes hl in forms denoting repetition, e.g., hita-’ato “to fall out,”hita-’ahl “to keep falling out”; mat-achisht-utl “to fly on to the water,” mat-achisht-ohl “to keep flying on to the water.” Further, the hl of certain elements changes to a peculiar h-sound in plural forms, e.g., yak-ohl “sore-faced,” yak-oh “sore-faced (people).” 去书内
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  • y.y y.y

    也许最令人惊叹的是苏丹的富尔语（一种非洲语言）的辅音互换现象。在这里，我们发现所有属于个人类的名词都通过将它们的首字母g、j、d、b、k、ch和p改为y（或w）来形成复数形式，例如，jim-o“同伴”，yim-'be“同伴们”；pio-o“打人者”，fio-'be“打人者们”。有趣的是，属于事物类的名词形成单数和复数的方式正好相反，例如，yola-re“长满草的地方”，jola-je“长满草的地方们”；fitan-du“灵魂”，pital-i“灵魂们”。在努特卡语（另一种存在这种过程的语言）中，许多动词后缀中的t或tl*在表示重复时变为hl，例如，hita-'ato“掉出来”，hita-'ahl“一直掉出来”；mat-achisht-utl“飞到水上”，mat-achisht-ohl“一直飞到水上”。此外，某些元素在复数形式中的hl会变成一种特殊的h-音，例如，yak-ohl“面色难看的”，yak-oh“面色难看的人（们）”。

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