Finally, there is strong evidence that the brain is involved in mental life. Somebody who held a dualist view that said that what we do and what we decide and what we think and what we want all have nothing to do with the physical world would be embarrassed by the fact that the brain seems to correspond in intricate and elaborate ways to our mental life. Now, this has been known for a long time. Philosophers and psychologists knew for a long time that getting smacked in the head could change your mental faculties; that diseases like syphilis could make you deranged; that chemicals like caffeine and alcohol can affect how you think. But what’s new is we can now in different ways see the direct effects of mental life
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