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This system, which is at present best preserved in Lithuanian,注释12 was already considerably reduced in the old Germanic language of which English, Dutch, German, Danish, and Swedish are modern dialectic forms. The seven Indo-European cases (nominative genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, locative, instrumental) had been already reduced to four (nominative genitive, dative, accusative). We know this from a careful comparison of and reconstruction based on the oldest Germanic dialects of which we still have records (Gothic, Old Icelandic, Old 去书内
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    这段文字是**历史比较语言学**视角下的典型论述，核心是梳理某一语法系统在印欧语系内部的演变脉络。 从内容逻辑来看，作者先点明该语法系统**现存最完整的载体是立陶宛语**，再指出其在古日耳曼语中已大幅简化——印欧语系原本的七种格（主格、属格、与格、宾格、夺格、方位格、工具格）缩减为四种（主格、属格、与格、宾格）。最后，作者补充了结论的依据：对最古老的日耳曼语方言进行严谨的对比与构拟，以此增强论述的可信度。 这段文字的特点在于**以语言演变的时空差异为线索**，借助“现存形式—古代形式”的对照、“原数量—缩减后数量”的量化说明，清晰呈现语法现象的演变轨迹，同时体现了历史比较语言学“以今证古、以同源语言互证”的研究方法。

    2025-12-24 喜欢(0) 回复(0)

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