Good, so airlines are an example; we've seen that. Where else? Oil is
probably the classic example. Airlines are a good example. Okay, so in
oil we all know that in the late 60s, early 70s, OPEC was formed
precisely to restrict quantity among the major oil producing countries,
and very quickly we see companies take other countries take advantage of
this to start producing oil profitably. So who were the competitive
fringe against OPEC? Anybody? The Brits were for a start, the Brits,
England sort of... Scotland I should say. Britain anyway started
producing oil in the North Sea; lots of countries in Latin America
started looking and finding oil, and of course, Russian oil started
being very, very profitable. So there are various reasons why it's hard
to maintain this collusive agreement. One is there's an incentive to
cheat and another is that other firms are going to enter.
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李小梁Jadon Lee
很好，航空公司就是一个例子;我们已经看到了。藏在哪里了呢?石油可能是一个经典的例子。航空公司就是一个很好的例子。在石油领域，我们都知道在60年代末，70年代初，石油输出国组织的成立就是为了限制主要石油生产国的产量，很快我们就看到其他国家的公司利用这一点开始生产有利可图的石油。那么谁是欧佩克的竞争对手呢?有人知道吗?首先是英国人，英国人，英国人……应该说是苏格兰。不管怎样，英国开始在北海开采石油;拉丁美洲的许多国家开始寻找石油，当然，俄罗斯的石油开始变得非常非常有利可图。因此，有各种原因导致难以维持这种串通协议。一个是有欺骗的动机，另一个是其他公司会进入。
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