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  Tess Durbeyfield, the protagonist, embodies both purity and tragedy. Her life is shaped by societal hypocrisy and cruel fate. Despite her education and innate intelligence, Tess’s innocence leaves her vulnerable to exploitation. Alec d’Urberville’s seduction and rape mark her first encounter with male dominance, a theme pervasive in Victorian England. Her subsequent pregnancy and the death of her child, Sorrow, symbolize the era’s harsh judgment of female sexuality. Angel Clare, though idealized, reflects societal rigidity. His rejection of Tess after her confession reveals the double standards imposed on women. Tess’s resilience shines as she works as a dairymaid, yet her fate remains inexorable. Hardy’s use of symbolism—such as the red-brick d’Urberville mansion contrasting with Tess’s rural poverty—underscores class disparities. The novel’s fatalism is evident in coincidences like Tess overhearing Angel’s brothers instead of his father, altering her destiny. Her murder of Alec and arrest at Stonehenge culminate in a tragic end, framed by Hardy’s critique of “justice” as satire. Tess’s story is a poignant exploration of innocence corrupted by societal and cosmic forces.

  2025-11-28 喜欢(0) 回复(0)

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  2020-11-23 喜欢(0) 回复(0)