笔记(共23篇)
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“It would throw together languages that differ utterly in...” 全部笔记(1) 去书内
It would throw together languages that differ utterly in spirit merely because of a certain external formal resemblance. There is clearly a world of difference between a prefixing language like Cambodgian, which limits itself, so far as its prefixes (and infixes) are concerned, to the expression of derivational concepts, and the Bantu languages, in which the prefixed elements have a far-reaching significance as symbols of syntactic relations.
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“Perhaps as remarkable as these Irish phenomena are the...” 全部笔记(1) 去书内
也许最令人惊叹的是苏丹的富尔语(一种非洲语言)的辅音互换现象。在这里,我们发现所有属于个人类的名词都通过将它们的首字母g、j、d、b、k、ch和p改为y(或w)来形成复数形式,例如,jim-o“同伴”,yim-'be“同伴们”;pio-o“打人者”,fio-'be“打人者们”。有趣的是,属于事物类的名词形成单数和复数的方式正好相反,例如,yola-re“长满草的地方”,jola-je“长满草的地方们”;fitan-du“灵魂”,pital-i“灵魂们”。在努特卡语(另一种存在这种过程的语言)中,许多动词后缀中的t或tl*在表示重复时变为hl,例如,hita-'ato“掉出来”,hita-'ahl“一直掉出来”;mat-achisht-utl“飞到水上”,mat-achisht-ohl“一直飞到水上”。此外,某些元素在复数形式中的hl会变成一种特殊的h-音,例如,yak-ohl“面色难看的”,yak-oh“面色难看的人(们)”。