笔记（共286篇）

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  “Maximal functioning means that all kinds of appearances of Dao...” 全部笔记（1） 去书内

  Maximal functioning means that all kinds of appearances of Dao in the external world are the greatest manifestation and functioning of Dao. Daoist scholars believe that the internal Dao determines the basis for changes in the external world, and that all kinds of forms in the objective world derive from the active, innate nature of Dao, the result of unity of substance and function. In Twenty-four Styles of Poetry, Sikong Tu, a literary critic in the Tang Dynasty, made this notion a term of literary criticism to highlight the view that the rich and colorful imagery in poetry represents unity of the internal spirit of the work and its external shape. In poetry writing and appreciation, one should focus on the harmony between the appearance and the essence.

  2026-05-17 喜欢(0) 回复(0)

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  “Referring to the heart and the sensory organs, this term was...” 全部笔记（1） 去书内

  Referring to the heart and the sensory organs, this term was used by Mencius to differentiate between men of virtue and petty men. Sensory organs such as the ears and eyes are called "minor organs" because they lack a capacity for thought and for cognition, and are hence easily directed by externalities when they come into contact with the latter. If a man were to only rely on his "minor organs," he would be a captive of material desires and therefore become a petty man. The heart is the "major organ" which is naturally endowed with the capacity for thought and cognition. If a man is able to establish a dominant role for his "major organ," then through the actions of his heart, he will be able to continually increase its inherent goodness and not have his judgment clouded by material desires, and thereby become a man of virtue.

  2026-05-17 喜欢(0) 回复(0)

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  “The term means that ingenuity and skill at their best look...” 全部笔记（1） 去书内

  The term means that ingenuity and skill at their best look simple and clumsy. The greatest ingenuity should be something completely natural and that it has not been painstakingly worked on. The term comes from the book Laozi. Laozi was a philosopher who believed that everything should be in keeping with nature. He advocated non-action and was against any form of excessive act. Later, the term came to mean the highest possible level of skill and perfection in artistic and literary creation. In Chinese literary theory, "exquisite skill looks simple and clumsy" does not mean the clumsier the better, nor is it a rejection of skill. Rather, it rejects excessive embellishment and over-pursuit of the exquisite, and encourages well-founded simplicity and naturalness. The phrase represents the highest possible level of perfection in artistic beauty and skill and is also what the people in pre-modern

  2026-05-17 喜欢(0) 回复(0)

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  “The term is used to describe an excessively exquisite artistic...” 全部笔记（1） 去书内

  The term is used to describe an excessively exquisite artistic work as if it were an object painted in bright colors and inlaid with gold and silver. In the literary context, it refers to poems written in a highly rhetorical style. Aesthetically, what is "gilded and colored, elegant and refined" is considered undesirable, and the style of "lotus rising out of water" is preferred. The former focuses only on external form and appearance, whereas the latter, as a natural presentation of aesthetic ideas, penetrates appearances and brings out the essence.

  2026-05-17 喜欢(0) 回复(0)

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  “Ci (词 a form of poetry with long or short verses which can be...” 全部笔记（1） 去书内

  Ci (词 a form of poetry with long or short verses which can be set to music and sung) and qu (曲 a form of rhyming compositions which can be set to music and sung) are a combined appellation for two kinds of literary styles. In the Complete Library of the Four Branches of Literature, they are listed at the very end of the "Collections" section (Qu is a sub-genre and is not listed in the table of contents). This is because according to the literary views of ancient scholars, poetry and essays were the only accepted tradition to express important ideas. To write in the form of ci (lyric) and qu (melody) was only seen as a minor skill showing a person's talent. Sometimes, the combined appellation ciqu also refers to traditional opera and genres of performances featuring speaking and singing.

  2026-05-17 喜欢(0) 回复(0)

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  “Ci (词) originated in the Tang and the Five Dynasties, and...” 全部笔记（1） 去书内

  Ci (词) originated in the Tang and the Five Dynasties, and developed to maturity as a new literary form in the Song Dynasty. Also known as "lyric with a melody," "yuefu (乐府) poetry" or "long and short verses," ci developed from poetry. Its main feature is that it is set to music and sung. Each piece of ci has a name for its tune. There are strict requirements for the number of lines and the number of characters as well as tone pattern and rhyming in different tunes. In terms of length, ci is divided into short lyrics, medium lyrics, and long lyrics. In terms of musical system, a piece of ci is usually divided into two stanzas of que (阕) or pian (片), as ancient Chinese called them. Occasionally, it

  2026-05-17 喜欢(0) 回复(0)

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  “The pursuit of moral principles in daily life should be true...” 全部笔记（1） 去书内

  The pursuit of moral principles in daily life should be true and sincere."Being sincere in thought" is one of the "eight essential principles" from the philosophical text The Great Learning, the other seven being "studying things,""acquiring knowledge," "rectifying one's mind," "cultivating oneself," "regulating one's family well," "governing the state properly," and "bringing peace to all under heaven." Those constitute important stages in the moral cultivation advocated by Confucian scholars. "Sincerity in thought" has as its preceding stage the "extension of knowledge." One can only identify and follow the principle of "sincerity in thought" on the basis of understanding the moral principles in daily life. One's true desire will then naturally reflect itself in one's daily behavior. An individual's moral conduct must stem from a genuine wish and must not just conform superficially to the moral principles without true intention of practicing them.

  2026-05-17 喜欢(0) 回复(0)

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  “Melancholy refers to an artistic style in poetic works in...” 全部笔记（1） 去书内

  Melancholy refers to an artistic style in poetic works in which sentiment expressed is subtle and the message is profound. Ancient Chinese poets represented by Du Fu, keenly concerned about state affairs and people's hardships, tried hard to understand what caused the rise and fall of a nation and sought ways to save the country and the people, but all to no avail. Such frustration and disappointment are thus reflected in their poems. With meticulously crafted structure, rhythm, and tones, their works give readers a special aesthetic appreciation of melody and infinite afterthought

  2026-05-17 喜欢(0) 回复(0)

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  “The term refers to the fundamental state of the existence of...” 全部笔记（1） 去书内

  The term refers to the fundamental state of the existence of things. Bian (变) and hua (化) may be used as one word or separately. Specifically, bian means manifest change, while hua indicates subtle and gradual change. Ancient Chinese thinkers generally held that all things under heaven and on earth, including humans and society, are all in a state of change. Only through constant change can they permanently exist and develop. Change is caused by constant clash and integration between the conflicting properties with which people and things are endowed. Some scholars believed that change follows a constant law and can thus be understood and grasped, while others maintained that change is unpredictable and therefore difficult to grasp. Buddhism, on the other hand, holds that changes of things are only superficial, and that all things are still and motionless.

  2026-05-17 喜欢(0) 回复(0)

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  “This saying, with the attitude to fame and fortune at its...” 全部笔记（1） 去书内

  This saying, with the attitude to fame and fortune at its core, refers to a way in which people in ancient China sought to practice self-cultivation.

  2026-05-13 喜欢(0) 回复(0)