越来越多富人为躲避雾霾移民
By the 1970s, Central Park was in a state of decay. Bridges were crumbling. Meadows had dried up. Graffiti and vandalism blighted playgrounds and benches. There was an overwhelming feeling that its best days had passed. "Positive use had increasingly been displaced by illicit and illegal activity," is how the Central Park Conservancy describes it today.
早在上世纪70年代以前，纽约中央公园还是一片颓败之象。桥梁摇摇欲坠，柳树也枯萎了。涂鸦和肆意破坏令游乐场和长椅一片狼藉。这种景象会让人不由自主地认为，美好的时光一去不复返了。“正面利用已逐渐被违法活动所取代，”纽约中央公园保护协会（Central Park Conservancy）如此形容道。
Then George Soros stepped in. Frustrated by what he and others saw as New York City's inept management of the 160-year-old institution, Soros and another financier commissioned a study on potential fixes. Its chief recommendation was creating a private citizen-based board to oversee an individual running the park's operations -- in effect, allowing private citizens to control the park. Soon the not-for-profit Central Park Conservancy was created, and the area returned to its former glory. Thirty years later the conservancy provides 75% of a nearly $60 million annual park budget and is a New York institution unto itself. The board of trustees includes former J.P. Morgan (JPM) Chairman and CEO William Harrison, KKR's (KKR) Henry Kravis, and the hedge fund manager John Paulson, who two years ago announced he would give $100 million to the conservancy, the largest park donation ever.
后来，乔治•索罗斯站了出来。这个知名区域有着160年的历史，但纽约市政府的糟糕管理，却让他和其他人很是懊恼，于是索罗斯和其他金融家委托进行了一项公园修复研究。研究的主要建议是，成立一个由私人组成的委员会，监督公园的运营——实际上，就是允许普通公民控制公园。很快，非盈利组织“中央公园保护协会”成立，这个地区也恢复了昔日的荣光。三十年后，中央公园每年约6,000万美元的预算中，75%都由这个保护协会提供，保护协会本身也成为纽约市赫赫有名的组织之一。协会的理事会成员包括前摩根大通（J.P. Morgan）主席兼CEO威廉•哈里森、投资机构KKR的亨利•克拉维斯，以及对冲基金经理约翰•鲍尔森。鲍尔森在两年前宣布向保护协会捐助1亿美元，成为这座公园收到的最大一笔捐款。
The growing wealth gap around the world is raising concerns about economic fairness and class divisions. But Central Park's revival illustrates the importance of the very wealthy in civic society. Their private dollars fund projects that governments won't, and they have an especially key role in urban centers. All this explains why reports of China's air pollution driving out wealthy residents are so troubling. Is China losing its most important residents to smog?
全世界贫富差距的日益扩大，引发了人们对于经济公平和阶级划分的担忧。但中央公园的复兴证明了非常富有的阶层在公民社会中的重要性。他们用自己的钱，为政府不会资助的项目提供资金；而且，他们在城市中心有着特殊的关键地位。所有这些都解释了一个问题：为什么中国空气污染迫使有钱人逃离的消息这么令人忧虑？中国是否因为雾霾而正在失去它最重要的居民？
The air in northern Chinese cities has been poor for a while. But after the past few years of "air apocalypses" and record-high levels of PM 2.5, the dangerously small pollutants under 2.5 micrometers in size (1/30 the width of a human hair) that find their way into the bloodstream and have been linked to cancers and respiratory problems, citizens have increased complaints and growing numbers of rich have started making plans to move away.
中国北方城市糟糕的空气状况已经持续有一段时间了。但因为过去几年的“空气末日”和屡屡刷新纪录的PM 2.5水平，中国人越来越不满，越来越多的有钱人开始计划撤离中国。PM2.5是指直径小于2.5微米（人类头发宽度的1/30）的危险的小型污染物，能够进入人类血液，可能导致癌症和呼吸系统疾病。
A recent survey provides the strongest evidence yet that China's polluted cities risk driving away the rich. Released in January by the Hurun Research Institute, the survey shows 64% of China's rich (those with wealth above $1.6 million) were either immigrating to another country or planning to, a rise from 60% in the last poll two years ago. That came as a surprise to Rupert Hoogewerf, founder of the Hurun Report, an annual China rich list. He wasn't expecting the already high figure to grow. He says pollution and food safety was the second-biggest reason for emigrating, after the general desire for security and financial well-being. Although the numbers of those emigrating haven't yet reached a critical mass, Hoogewerf says "a lot of families are finding a lot of other rich families are going overseas," providing examples to follow.
最近的调查提供了有力证据，证明中国的污染城市可能正面临失去富裕阶层的风险。胡润研究院（Hurun Research Institute）一月份发布的调查显示，64%的中国富人（身家千万级别）已经移民或正在计划移民其他国家，而两年前的调查结果为60%。这样的结果连中国年度富豪榜胡润百富（Hurun Report）的创始人胡润自己都大吃一惊。他没想到这个比例在如此高的情况下还会继续增长。他表示，污染和食品安全是移民的第二大理由，排在首位的理由是人们对于安全和财富保障的渴望。虽然移民人数尚未达到临界点，但胡润说：“许多家庭发现其他富裕家庭正在移居海外，”这让他们有了效仿的对象。
What's happening is that those who can avoid the smog, especially families with children, are escaping what a recent Chinese study reportedly called "unlivable" cities like Beijing. They're seeking permanent residency in America and Canada, and European countries Cyprus, Portugal, and the U.K.
现实情况是，有能力避开雾霾的人，尤其是有孩子的家庭，正在逃离北京等一些被一项中国的研究称为“不适宜居住”城市。他们纷纷前往美国、加拿大和欧洲国家，如塞浦路斯、葡萄牙和英国等，寻求永久居住权。
Earlier this winter I spoke with half a dozen wealthy mothers in Beijing who explained to me how pollution had some of them considering moving away. It was enlightening to hear because what the survey doesn't tell you is that the rich don't take moving to another country lightly. The women explained what a hard decision it was to make. China's culture and language had them wanting to stay. But many of them were afraid for their children's health, leading them to plans to go abroad.
今年冬天早些时候，我曾在北京与几位富裕家庭的母亲交流。她们中一些人向我介绍了污染让他们考虑移民的心路历程。与她们的交流给我带来了很多启发，因为调查不会告诉你，有钱人也并不是轻易就做出了移民决定。她们都表示，移民是一个艰难的决定。中国的文化与语言让他们希望留在国内。但许多人担心孩子的健康，这个问题迫使她们做出了移民的打算。
I met the mothers at a Starbucks (SBUX). They swapped stories about smog like others might politics or sports in the café that opened to a luxury mall with Gucci, Prada, and Tom Ford boutiques.
我和这几位母亲相约在一个豪华购物中心的一家星巴克（Starbucks）见面，那里还云集着古驰（Gucci）、（普拉达）Prada和Tom Ford等品牌的精品专营店。咖啡馆里的其他人可能正聊政治、体育话题的时候，这些母亲们却在交流有关雾霾的心事。
Feng Fairbanks has two daughters, who are 10 years old and 8 years old. The local PTA raised 200,000 RMB ($33,000 USD) to buy air purifiers so that her children can at least enjoy clean air inside the school where recess is often cancelled because of smog. She wanted her daughters to attend school longer in Beijing, but she's returning to the U.K. with them in July. The air pollution was becoming too serious to plan on staying in Beijing for the long term. Her British husband, who runs a business consultancy in Beijing, is staying in China.
费尔班克斯•冯（音译）的两个女儿分别是10岁和8岁。当地的家庭教师协会（PTA）募集了人民币200,000元（约合33,000美元）购买空气净化器，这样一来，尽管因为雾霾而经常取消户外活动，但孩子们至少可以在学校里呼吸到清洁空气。她希望孩子们在北京上学的时间可以更长一点，但她不得不在7月份和孩子们一起回到英国。空气污染太严重，她无法让孩子们长期留在北京。她的英国丈夫在北京经营一家商业咨询公司，他会继续留在这里。
Coco Xiao told me she avoids playing with her two daughters outside. Last summer the family toured the U.S. -- visiting Atlanta, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, then San Francisco -- and was "amazed by the air." Her husband is setting up a consulting business in San Francisco in part to give the family an option to escape the pollution. She says the "government cannot afford to wait" to fix the air, but she's staying in Beijing for now.
肖可可（音译）告诉我，她尽量不让两个女儿到外面玩。去年夏天，她们全家去美国旅游，先后游览了亚特兰大、拉斯维加斯、洛杉矶和旧金山，“那里的空气让他们很是吃惊”。她丈夫在旧金山成立了一家咨询公司，部分原因是为家人摆脱污染提供一种选择。她说：“政府不能坐在那里等着”空气好转，但她目前还是会继续留在北京。
The other mothers were more hesitant. As they sipped teas and lattes, they explained how the pollution was devastating but bearable -- for the time being. May Guo, dressed fashionably in black leather boots, has a 9-year-old daughter with asthma. She pulled out a 3M (MMM) mask -- "the best," she tells me -- then explained that air pollution is one of many factors to consider before leaving China. There's family, jobs, culture. She's waiting to make a decision on leaving.
其他母亲更是犹豫不决。她们一边喝着茶和拿铁，一边解释称，虽然污染是灾难性的，但目前还可以忍受。打扮时尚的郭梅（音译）穿着黑色皮靴，她九岁的女儿患有哮喘。她拿出一个3M口罩，跟我说：“最好戴上这个，”然后她解释称，空气污染是她在离开中国之前考虑的许多因素之一。其他因素包括家庭、工作和文化。是否移民，她还没有下定决心。
Of course, many rich will stay in smoggy Beijing and China's other polluted cities. Opportunities in the world's fastest-growing major economy are hard to turn down. And surveys show the Chinese remain loyal about investing at home. But the air pollution problem isn't getting better anytime soon, and neither will the flight of China's wealthiest residents.
当然，许多有钱人仍然会继续留在雾霾笼罩的北京和中国其他受到污染的城市。世界增长最快的大型经济体所带来的机会令人难以抗拒。而且，调查显示，中国人依然热衷于国内投资。但在短时间内，空气污染问题不会好转，富人逃离的问题也同样如此。
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